그동안 부분 부분만 읽었는데 이번 여름 드디어 정독한 앙드레 슈미드 토론토 대학교 교수님의 <Korea Between Empires>다. 국어 제목으로는 〈제국 그 사이의 한국 1895-1919〉로 번역되었다.
책 소개
출처: 교보문고
1895년-1919년 제국주의 팽창 시기, 한국 민족주의의 역사를 연대기적으로 살펴보다
앙드레 슈미드의 〈제국 그 사이의 한국 1895-1919〉은 한국 민족주의의 기원과 역사를 계보학적으로 연구한 책이다. 한국인의 민족의식의 발전 과정을 연대기적으로 서술하고 있다. 19세기 말에서 20세기 초의 역사에 초점을 맞추면서 어떻게 근대적 지식의 개념과 상징이 창조되었는지, 나아가 어떻게 근대 초기의 지식이 민족적 정체성, 네이션-스테이트, 그리고 민족주의에 대한 한국인의 근원적 인식을 창조하는 정치적 기획으로 통합되었는지를 탐구한다.
저자는 한국의 민족주의 연구에서 그동안 간과되어왔던 다양한 표상, 서사, 수사학을 집중적으로 살펴본다. 20세기 초 사회적ㆍ정치적 격변기를 겪고 있던 한국 근대의 문화적 전제들의 형성 과정, 그리고 당시 한국의 주요 언론이었던 대한매일신보, 독립신문, 황성신문, 제국신문 등에 나타난 언어적 전환들을 추적하고 있다. 이러한 신문들은 위기에 처해 있던 한국의 상황을 인식하게 만드는 중재자였으며, 한국 민족주의 부흥에서 중요한 역할을 담당하였다.
이 책은 저자의 설득력 있는 논증과 철저한 연구를 바탕으로, 애국계몽기 한국의 지식인들이 어떻게 자신들이 속한 사회를 민족 공동체로 재인식하기 시작했는가를 파헤친다. 또한 한국과 일본을 이해하는 데 있어 기존의 역사학계에서 보편적인 담론으로 기능했던 식민지와 피식민지의 이분법에 강력하게 도전하며, 한국 민족주의 운동에 대한 다양한 이미지를 제시하고 있다.
앙드레 슈미드 교수 소개
출처: 토론토 대학교
Professor Schmid's research and teaching focus on 19th and 20th century Korea and East Asia, as seen in the broader context of global, comparative history. He is currently working on a book about the early formation of North Korea after the devastation of the late colonial and Korean wars. This book focuses on the turn to the heteronormative nuclear family by both the population and the Party-state as a primary site for postwar reconstruction and decolonization. In this gendered, socio-economic history of north Korean urban families, he examines how issues such as advice literature, apartment construction, divorce, and consumption established norms that while explicitly revolutionary often enabled, implicitly, a conservative politics that has always remained at the core of North Korean political culture.
He has published in various journals including the Journal of Asian Studies, American Historical Review, Yoksa Munje, South Atlantic Quarterly, International Journal of Korean Studies, and SAI among others. His book, Korea Between Empires, 1895-1919 (Columbia University Press, 2002), received the John Whitney Hall Award of the Association of Asian Studies.
2022년 18번째 책, Andre Schmid의 Korea Between Empires, 1895-1919
(독서 기간: 2022년 7월 17일~7월 21일)
"Korea Between Empires chronicles the development of a Korean national consciousness. It focuses on two critical periods in Korean history and asks how key concepts and symbols were created and integrated into political programs to create an original Korean understanding of national identity, the nation-state, and nationalism. Looking at the often-ignored questions of representation, narrative, and rhetoric in the construction of public sentiment, Andre Schmid traces the genealogies of cultural assumptions and linguistic turns evident in Korea's major newspapers during the social and political upheavals of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Newspapers were the primary location for the re-imagining of the nation, enabling readers to move away from the conceptual framework inherited from a Confucian and dynastic past toward a nationalist vision that was deeply rooted in global ideologies of capitalist modernity. As producers and disseminators of knowledge about the nation, newspapers mediated perceptions of Korea's precarious place amid Chinese and Japanese colonial ambitions and were vitally important to the rise of a nationalist movement in Korea." - Columbia University Press
목차
Introduction: A Monumental Story
1: The Universalizing Winds of Civilization
2: Decentering the Middle Kingdom and Realigning the East
3: Engaging a Civilizing Japan
4: Spirit, History, and Legitimacy
5: Narrating the Ethnic Nation
6: Peninsular Boundaries
7: Beyond the Peninsula
Epilogue
노트
“Its metamorphosis - from discovery to publicity to the creation of its national significance - was part of a process central to all nationalist movements and the focus of this study: the production of knowledge about the nation.”- intro
“Pursuing these questions - How did they see themselves as a single unit? How did they articulate their vision of the nation’s particular character? - is a line of inquiry whose main concern is not testing the accuracy of defining statements. Rather than measure such claims empirically… this study asks how representations, narratives, and rhetorical strategies shaped the parameters and content of nationalist thought. In this realm of self-knowledge, mainly as expressed in the most powerful public medium of the time, newspapers and journals, as well as some textbooks and monographs, published in the years btwn the conclusion of the Sino-Japanese War in 1895 and the early years of the colonial period that constitutes the focus of this study.” - intro
“I argue that the production of knowledge about modern Korea was a process deeply entwined with the international environment of that particular historical moment, that it was as much a part of the process of writers coming to terms with their new global position as it was one of rethinking their own nation, and that nationalism was the first consciously globalizing discourse.”
Introduction is very important. It sums up his overall ideas very well.
“At a time when Korea stood btwn two empires, newspapers gave voice to a variety of national visions that shaped, directed, and reflected that period’s growing nationalist movement.”
Newspaper as a medium for producing national knowledge
1895 - 1919 - a time of change, an era of reform, a period transition, and, most of all, a time of crisis.
“Most obviously, the nation was located in temporal and spatial terms. But as always, this worked at several levels. Seen as part of a new global ecumene, the nation needed to be brought into narratives of world history that plotted the trajactory of all nations along the same lines, ultimately leading to the modern. As part of a region identified as the East (Tongyang), the nation was linked w. Its two neighbors, Japan and China, with their shared attributes presented as a product of a common past that could be folded into narratives of world history yet still show the unique historical accomplishments and future potential of the region.”
Spatiotemporal approaches
“Only by understanding the genealogies of these forms of national knowledge can the function of nationalist thought on a peninsula caught between two empires be understood. How this terrain was navigated by the editorial staffs of different newspapers and journals is the main topic of this book.”
Rethinking Korea meant reevaluating China.
“As the Hwangsong sinmun argued, only by uniting the three nations of the East could the individual nations survive the onslaught of the white ppls.”
A shared enterprise
Colonialism and HIstory
One of my arguments is that Korean self-knowledge in this period cannot be separated from the Japanese production of knowledge about Korea. That is, the expression of nat’l identity in its many forms was not just a product of a reaction against the Japanese takeover of the peninsula but was also deeply engaged - whether to struggle against, to absorb, or, as was more often the case, some combination of these two - with Japanese writings about Korean culture and history.” - p. 13
Moving away from state-centered definitions of the nation -> national soul(kukhon) / national essence(kuksu)
-> tied up with the politics of the Protectorate
-> there was great concern that even this national soul could be violated by colonial power.
Trying to escapte the conundrum presented by “civilization and enlightenment” -> the work of Sin Ch’aeho is very important. -> adopted an ethnic defition of the nation, minjok + highlighted an old foundation myth about Tan’gun
-> distancing himself from earlier Confucian narratives focusing on the court -> decentering Korea away from China in the past and offering a version of the nation that enabled a particular form of resistance to Japan in the present.
“Nationalism tolerates no ambiguity in the disposition of lands; sovereignty over territory must be clearly delineated.” - P.17
Western forms of cartographic knowledge.!!!!! - p.18
A sense of space, Western discourses on space, spatial dimensions
Postliberation Korea
“Today, although nationalism and globalization are often juxtaposed as oppositional or exclusive processes, in Korea at the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the two were mutually constitutive: nationalism was the vehicle for accelerating the peninsula’s inclusion in the global capitalist order, and these globalizing forces.
Titilation - the arousal of interest or excitement, especially through sexually suggestive images or words.
“To use Benedict Anderson’s terms, newspapers were the primary location for the reimagining of the nation away from the conceptual framework inherited from the late Chosun dynasty toward a nationalist vision rooted in global ideologies of capitalist modernity. It is in this sense, as producers and disseminators of knowledge about the nation, that newspapers were so important to the nationalist movement in Korea.” - p.54
P.56 - Definitions of what was called the East(Tongyang) shifted dramatically after 1895… the editors of the Hwangson sinmun eventaully used the East to establish a middle ground in the political spectrum.”
“As nationalist reformers sought to assert the purely Korean, practices that had earlier been shared without any privileging of geographical origins were sifted to determine just what could now be categorized as foreign so as to identify the Korean. Ggrcal origins came to be privileged so that the nationality of cultural forms was inscribable almost wholly by its spatial source.” - p.61
Manumission - release from slavery
The assassination of Queen Min -> “W. The prestige of the royal house srsly damaged, the court initiated a series of efforts to reverse the monarchy’s fortunes and reestablish its dignity and power. It was to be a “restoration (Chunghung), an expression w. A long history among beleaguered courts in E. Asia. This restoration was similar in intent to what Benedict Anderson has termed “official nationalism,” only here the court was following on the heels of the already burgeoning nationalist movement, hoping to harness the agitation for independence to its own purpose for reasserting the centrality of the throne.” - p.72
East - Geographical context (p.80~86)
“This deep sense of a shared past, together with a writing style that continued to use classical terms and allusions, became the basis of the paper’s articulation of a cultural vision of the East.”
“Munnyong kaehwa nevertheless provided the unifying concept for all nations, past or present, offering a unilinear vision of history in which all nations, whatever their rate of progress, were headed toward the same ultimate goal.”
“…the effort to think of Korea as part of a newly conceived region, the East”
Racially Define East (p.86~)
Regional visions have changed.
- Changing geopolitics of the region
- A racial definition of the East
* “Concepts akin to race can be found in the Confucian canons and ethnic categories had long been used in E Asia as a way of describing foreign ppls. But even though such ethnic thinking had a long history in E Asia, as writers began to engage with Western forms of knowledge in the late 19th C, they also began to appropriate the racial categories constructed in the West.
… Promoted as a natural grouping of ppl, yellowness became the basis of several groups around East Asia to propose regional alliances as a means of resisting Western white imperialism.” - p.87
Bete noire - a person or thing that one particularly dislikes.
Hullabaloo - (informal) a commition; a fuss.
The two (East and race) were deemed mutually dependent.
To borrow Andre Schmid’s words, Eastern solidarity
“The peace of the East”.. What such expressions concealed, however, were the differences in interpreting the nation’s relation to the region. For Japanese colonialists, “the peace of the East” could be used to undermine Korean sovereignty, w. Regional security interests as defined by Tokyo rationalizing annexation as the best course for regional stability…” for Korean nationalists, in the case of An Chunggun, who cited peace of the East in explaining his reasons for gunning down Ito Hirobumi for his role in establishing the Protectorate. -p.100
Cultural regionalism
Teleology of history
Putsch - a violent attempt to overthrow a govt
“…reform in pursuit of sovereignty. This was one of the most powerful consequences of the colonial production of knowledge about Korea.”
Iota - an extremely small amount
Dependence - “yet the genealogy of this term so central to the nationalist movement cannot be seen as merely the autonomous outgrowth of a burgeoning sense of nation. Rather its meaning came from within the colonial context, through various interactions with and against Japanese colonial discourse.
Denouement - the final part of a play, movie, etc. The climax of a chain of events.
Nationalist interpretations of munmyong kaehwa did buttress a program of self-strengthening: only reform enabled a nation to survive and to receive equal treatment from the community of “civilized” nations. But the double nature of munmyong kaehwa was that it could also be used to promote acceptance of colonization, whether it was the permanent loss of independence / its postponement to a future date.”
Mission civilisartrice - the civilizing mission
“During Choson dynasty, the chokpo was perhaps the most common mode of thinking about the past, of recording the succession of time that played a role in the everyday lives of the elite sections of the populace. Its distinct sense of time was measured not by the calendar year but by generational markers, one succeeding the other… the chokpo was in part an attempt to maintain a sense of clan consciousness. ITs mode of time was clearly linear, and insofar as its account ended with the clan members’ current status, it was also teleological - two narrative characteristics, as Prasenjit Duara has argued, that were necessary for a modern nation.” - p.184-185
Lacunae - pl. an unfilled space or interval; a gap
Enfeoffment? - under the feudal system, the deed by which a person was given land in exchange for a pledge of service
Minjok - The context of its conceptual formation - the intellectual trends of nationalists throughout East Asia, the urge to distance earlier Confucian history and decenter the “Middle Kingdom,” the resistance to Japanese colonial history, all occurring in an age when the peninsula had been incorporated into the global capitalist order w. Its universalizing, modern ideologies - appeared irrelevant to this autonomous subject, which apparently transcended the very history that produced it. - p. 198
“The introduction fo new geographical discourses had various consequences for the ways in which territory was understood in early-twentieth-century Korea. Most studies of the spread of Western geographic knowledge to Asia have tended to emphasize its disruptive nature, seeing the rise of some modern Asian nations as an externally produced shift from nonterritorially define polities to the spatially discrete unit of the nation. In such accounts, indigenous geographical knowledge is supplanted by Western cartographic and surveying knowledge.” - p.200
아방강역고 - 정약용 / 대한강역고 - 장지연
Kando dispute - Spatial issues was contested within the tributgary relationship, w/o explicit refence to Western discourses on space. Both sides constantly invoked the vocabulary of tribute, regularly referring to the “superior” vs. the “inferior” country. - p.210
“The border had already been conceptualized in the Chosun dynasty, but it had not been rigorously enforced.” - p.215
“Territory was one more way to claim Korea as unfit for self-rule and, thereby, to arrogate responsibility for that territory. With territory considered basic to any definition of the modern nation, colonization as the regulation of territory could be presented as modernization, even though colonial politics resulted in a smaller territorial unit for Korea.” - p.216
팔도 정도 1530년
해동 팔도 봉화 산악 지도
대동여지도 - 김정호
당리지 - 이정환 (?) - onselecting a village Yi Chunghwan’s Taengniji
Cajole and coax
Out of synced with its age
Straddle - sit or stand w one leg on either side of
“Multiplicity and fluidity of spatial understandings of Korea”
In the parlance of Sin
reinterpreting and reinventing nation’s spatial origins.
Reconceptualizing
Redefining
Irredentist - 민족통일(영토회복)주의자
Deus ex machina - 데우스 엑스 마키나(특히 극이나 소설에서 가망 없어 보이는 상황을 해결하기 위해 동원되는 힘이나 사건)
- a plot device whereby a seemingly unsolvable problem in a story is suddenly and abruptly resolved by an unexpected and unlikely occurrence.
Brouhaha - a noisy and overexcited reaction or response to sth.
“…the nationalist ideologies of both north and south, despite the cold war rivalry, continue to appeal to many of the symbols and concepts first proposed as a way of thinking about the nation in the preannexation period. This is not to suggest that the production of national knowledge has remained static since 1910.” - p.256 epilogue
Salvo - a simultaneous discharge of artillery or other guns in a battle.
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